What can the examination of religious texts tell us about...

â€Å"Religious text-Definition- writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity† (Soanes, 2005). During the early nineteenth century it was the writer Max Muller that said for the study of religion the religious text should be a scholar’s primary source and focus of their studies. But is this correct? If religious texts are the only evidence that scholars use to study religion can an accurate picture and understanding of religion be gained? But is Max Muller Correct in his assumption? As a result of this way of thinking many scholars of the twentieth century have tended to study the religious texts of a religion as a primary source for their information. Along with Max Muller, The French philosopher Jaques Derrida also gives a†¦show more content†¦Religious texts either have a narrative or expository character. There is a great variety of religious and semi religious text for example hymns, prayers, chants, myths, and stories about gods heroes epics sacred laws and they all vary in authority and degree of sacredness. Within a religion the texts are usually collected into standard works of faith or canons and they are determined by general agreement or official religious bodies at which point they are fixed and are then regarded as the authority of that religion. Ninian Smart covers the study of religious texts within his model, the seven dimensions of religion for the study of religion. The particular dimension that can be specially linked to the study of religious texts would be the narrative or mythic dimension, which Smart defines as the story side of religion. Smart also makes the point that the handing down of stories whether they are historical mysterious future telling or heroic is typical of all religions or faiths. â€Å"These stories often called myths. The term may be a bit misleading, for in the modern study of religion there is no implication that a myth is false.† (Smart, 1998) The stories that religious texts are based on are usually based on history or not as the case may be. The stories concerning creation are obviously before history and are usually concerning the subject of how death and suffering came into being.Show MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Jesus And The Quran And Hadith3011 Words   |   13 Pagesdiscussed in both texts with varied stressed importance and purposes. With both traditions established in their respective religions, it is interesting to engage the concept that these pictures of Jesus could not be mutually exclusive. Examination of the Christology and miracles of Jesus in the Quran and Hadith allows contemporary Christian readers to view Jesus through a broader, historical lens. In â€Å"Images of Jesus Christ in Islam,† Oddbjorn Leirvik warns the reader that one can easily read theRead MoreThe Is The Static Procedure Of A.a Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pagesthe length of treatment, and the typical flow of session. This analysis will also examine research findings to determine the efficacy of the A.A. Twelve-Step program. In addition, further exploration concerning the lack of research; criticisms of religious connotation, sexism, and the complexities of addiction will demonstrate whether or not the A.A. program is in need of further development. The Efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous A.A. (Alcoholics Anonymous), the beginning of the Twelve-StepRead MoreReligion Information Paper : Buddhism3761 Words   |  16 Pagessecond Buddha by Tibetan and East Asian Mahayana such major traditions of Buddhism, Nagarjuna is know to be sharp criticisms of Brahminical and Buddhists famous philosophy, theory of knowledge, and long approaches to practice. Next Shantideva, like Buddha Shakyamuni, was born into a wealthy family and was known to rule in the future. Manjushri, a person of wisdom, and Tara, a divine embodiment of compassion, both only were in their dreams about ruling and taking the thrones. He then fled from his father’sRead MoreDoes morality need religion?3589 Words   |  15 PagesAtheist, find the concept of faith as comical when they question the existence of God. Through the examination of the books, The Evolution of Morality and Religion and The Two Sources of Morality and Religion along with various web sources, it is apparent that religion is a rei nforcement for morality as it is conditioned into humans since birth, it is how people choose to integrate their religious beliefs into reality and it acts as a contributing factor in our daily survival in today’s civilizationRead MoreCulture and Religion8004 Words   |  33 Pagesdefine because it covers everything in human life. We can look at culture as the worldview guiding our lives. Such a worldview gradually developed from millions of agreement among members of our society through the long period of time. Our leaders have taken it upon themselves to make us aware of the standards of judgment and of conduct, which have to guide us in relating with other people. Together with other members, they have conditioned us in many ways, mostly unconscious, to accept as â€Å"naturalRead More509 Paper3137 Words   |  13 Pagesimportant in our Society. It helps us look at other cultures respectably and freely. Without it, we would be forced to be informed about only the ma in cultures in our society. Multiculturalism can be defined as the policy of maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community. Getting to know cultures only enhances our knowledge and understanding, which leads to accepting and learning new history. Our education of these various cultures and languages has provided us with open minds, and awarenessRead More Tibetan Medicine Essay4800 Words   |  20 Pagesand medical practice. Without looking at Tibetan medicine in depth, the Westerner could easily dismiss Tibetan medicine as superstitious and unscientific; however, Tibetan Medicine is often very successful at treating illness, and Tibetan physicians can often cure the root of the problem, rather than merely performing a quick fix to a localized part of the body as in the West. Tibetan doctors do not recommend simply popping a pill. Instead, they see illness as a manifestation of the body’s imbalanceRead MoreTheological Essay : Theological Of Theology4931 Words   |  20 Pagesfollowers to worship God in spirit and in truth, later adding, you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free. But what sort of God are we to worship and how do we know we are worshiping in spirit and in truth? If the truth will set us free, then it seems quite reasonable to want to determine what truth, specifically, will set us free. This is where theology can help us a great deal. Far from being an area of study reserved only for academics or the clergy, theology is important to every ChristianRead More Friar Lawrence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay2603 Words   |  11 PagesRoman Church. On the contrary: he does everything in his dramatic power to show his friars and nuns, their lives and customs, in an unequivocally favorable light. (267) I feel that these conclusions about the character of Friar Lawrence are not so completely true. His character needs deeper examination in spite of the conventional ideas that have been passed from one critic to another throughout the years. Lawrences highly questionable actions in the drama need be looked at in regards to the positionRead MoreThe Jewish Roots of Christian Liturgy2710 Words   |  11 Pagesmembers of the new growing community were mainly Jews. They all shared the Jewish belief, the Sacred Scripture that Christians later started to call the Old Testament (OT), and were not aware of founding a new religion. A closer examination of Jewish worship will let us understand how it influenced the new Christian worship. We will have a closer look at places of worship, liturgical sources and customs which were common at that time. A last task will be to ask whether there are any significant Jewish

Essay on Lais of Marie de France - 1046 Words

Knights of Old and Harry Potter October 7, 2012 Love and Marie de France According to American mythologist, Joseph Campbell, â€Å"The greatest love was during the Medieval Ages, when noble hearts produced a romantic love that transcended lust† (Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth with Bill Moyers [2001]). The Lais of Marie de France are primarily concerned with this idea of love--specifically, courtly love--between a man and a woman. Courtly love, a union modeled after the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege lord, became a popular convention in the 12th century (â€Å"Backgrounds to Romance: ‘Courtly Love’†). Instead of proving loyalty to a lord, the man would have to prove his love to a woman. Marie de France, however,†¦show more content†¦Guigemar endures severe anguish to please his beloved, and his undying love inspires him to prove himself to her. This lay provides a good example of what Marie de France considers wrong and right in love. We see another selfish love in the story of Bisclavret, a man with a werewolf alter ego who is betrayed by his adulterous wife. Ironically, although her husband is physically a beast, the real beast, as portrayed by Marie de France, is the wife, who not only betrays him, but also marries another man. She is selfishly concerned with her physical desires, something Marie de France considers ignoble and far worse than the jealousy displayed in the story of Guigemar. The selfish love in this story is inspired by sexual desire, a desire that Marie de France sees as a threat to selfless love. Selfish love is again shown in the lay of â€Å"Les Deux Amanz,† in which a young man has to carry his beloved to the top of a mountain without falling in order to prove his worthiness to her father. This seems to be an act of love, but, in fact, when the woman begs her lover to take a potion that will help him reach the top, he reveals another, vainer, motivation: â€Å"These people would shout at us and deafen me their noise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Burgess and Busby 84). In other words, his desire to reach the mountaintop is motivated at least in part by a need to prove himself to others, and lessShow MoreRelatedThe Lais Of Marie De France865 Words   |  4 PagesThe extent to which the Lais of Marie de France can be categorized as fairy tales is dependent on the definition of â€Å"fairy tale.† Using various scholars’ definitions of â€Å"fairy tale† and conceptions of the fairy tale genre, criteria for â€Å"fairy tales† arises. Then, close-readings of three lais, â€Å"Guigemar†, â€Å"Lanval† and â€Å"Yonec†, are used as a mechanism for meeting or failing the criteria. This methodology is then evaluated and problematized. The criterion for fairy tales includes origin, form, contentRead MoreLais of Marie de France1940 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the Lais of Marie de France there are several themes presented as central to the various stories. Some of these themes are present in all of the lais. One such example is that of courtly love and its implications. Courtly love being one of the more prominent themes in all of medieval literature, it is fittingly manifested in all of the lais as well. Another theme present in two of the lais is isolation. The theme of isolation plays a large role in the stories of Guigemar and LanvalRead More Lais Of Marie De France Essay examples1939 Words   |  8 Pages Throughout the Lais of Marie de France there are several themes presented as central to the various stories. Some of these themes are present in all of the lais. One such example is that of courtly love and it’s implications. Courtly love being one of the more prominent themes in all of medieval literature, it is fittingly manifested in all of the lais as well. Another theme present in two of the lais is isolation. The theme of isolation plays a large role in the stories of Guigemar and LanvalRead MoreThe Lais of Marie de France and Quickly-Budding Love Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesexample of a wild love story portrays the love tales told in the book The Lais of Marie de France, where many lovers are quickly overtaken with the love and passion from a secret lover. The Lais of Marie de France is a book that inquires one to question the reasoning of exaggerated love stories from the middle ages with their immediate love situations, disastrous consequences, and happiness of lov e. In The Lais of Marie de France, the lovers are quickly stricken with a sense of love whether it is byRead MoreLovers From The Lais Of Marie De France As A Children s Book1533 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Chevrefoil† Adapted Imagine a story of lovers from The Lais of Marie de France as a children’s book. It would show the events true love can overcome, and inevitably end in a happy ending. The stories would have to be adapted in such a way to where all the details were appropriate for a child. It must be wrote to where the story would not be over their head, so they could fully understand the story. My adaption of â€Å"Chevrefoil† from The Lais of Marie de France into a children’s book would essentially fall intoRead MoreThe Lais Of Marie De France And The Wolf Hunt988 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs tend to lead to the inaccurate portrayal of the past. The two books, The Lais of Marie de France, by Marie de France and The Wolf Hunt by Gillian Bradshaw are prime examples of how our modern beliefs cause this distortion. The modern version of the novel, which is The Wolf Hunt, portrays the story differently than the Medieval novel, The Lais of Marie de France. The Wolf Hunt has modern themes in it, while the Lais has genuinely medieval themes. These stories are quite similar because they bothRead MoreEmpowering Women through Courtly Love Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeds, and become obedient to her in hopes of winning her affection. In The Lais of Marie de France, specifically Chevrefoil and Yonec, the author does not follow all of the rules of courtly love, yet she does illustrate to the reader the relationship between the man and his woman. She describes the beauty, intelligence, and wisdom of her female characters, giving them power over the men who love them. While Marie de France often confines women to the oppressive realities of the Middle Ages, she allowsRead More We have Decided Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pagesmorally wrong. Marriage, on the other hand, has been thought of as a sacred institution shared by most of the people and religions of the world. In the â€Å"Lais† written by Marie de France, we are given insight into the inner workings of five adulterous affairs, six pre-marital sexual encounte rs, and one instance of impure thoughts. Although Marie de France does not seem to condone adultery, she writes in a manner that allows the reader to feel possible sympathy with it, depending upon the situation. InRead MoreAnimal Symbology in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Lais785 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Lais of Marie de France, the authors use animals as metaphors for human actions, and as characters. By analyzing the use of these animals, we are able to explore the meaning the authors were trying to communicate through specific scenes. The Book of Beasts, a translation by T.H. White (1984 ed.), provides a medieval standpoint when analyzing the use of animals in the Lais and in Gawain. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, there is specific use of threeRead MoreEssay on Lanval and Yonec1687 Words   |  7 Pagesa certain motif of the story, or symbolize the author’s or society’s mindset. The representation of the body becomes significant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de France’s lais â€Å"Lanval† and â€Å"Yonec,† the body is represented in opposing views. In â€Å"Lanval,† France clearly emphasizes the pure beauty of the body and the power the ideal beauty holds, which Lanval’s Fairy Queen portrays. In France’s â€Å"Yonec,† she diverts the reader’s attention from the image of the

Australian Progressive Economic Development

Question: Discuss about the Australian Progressive Economic Development. Answer: Introduction The demand of a product by the consumer is what triggers the production. After a market research and an effort made by a potential entrepreneur to identify a market gap, one of the key factor that influences his or her decision on whether to engage in the production of the commodity under research is the size of the market (Brandow, 1961). Apart from that he or she also looks on other factors such as does the market have any potential of growth? How easy is it to obtain the raw materials that are crucial in the production of a product? What are the government policies in the area? How well is the area developed in terms of infrastructure? Among other things. The size of the market creates a demand pull. The size of the demand pull is determined by the extent the consumers they willing to do to get the commodity. After a production industry has been established by an entrepreneur they have to gauge their supply with the quantity demanded (Smith, Friesz, 1985). These two parameters le ad to the supply and demand curves. This is so because the entrepreneur has to determine an optimal point, an equilibrium, in the curves of which the quantity they supply to the market, is the same amount of quantity demanded and that they will all be purchased. This is to avoid overproduction in the firm which may lead to products going bad while still in the market especially if the company is dealing with foodstuffs which may result to extreme loss by the company and to ensure that there is a continuous production process in the chain of production (Helpman, 1987). In the practical world, market prices are determined good inventory which is held by the manufacturers and not the rate at which goods are supplied to the market by the manufacturers. If they supply goods at an equal rate to which the consumers demand the companys products, then the market will be said to be at equilibrium. However if this is not the case and the manufacturers supply more that the quantity demanded then there will be a possible inflation as they will be forced to lower their prices to attract more buyers. The same case applies if they produce a few products then there will be excess competition in the quantity demanded and this will result in extreme prices to the products (Shafer, Sonnenschein, 1982). Demand This is the ability and willingness of a consumer to purchase a product. The demand for a commodity is mainly a product of two qualities which are the taste and this describes the consumers preference of the very commodity other that other similar commodities in the market and the other is the ability to buy which dictates the consumer ability to purchase the exact commodity at a particular price of which he or she has a preference of taste in it (Sonnenschein, 1973). These two factors rely on the price of the market. For instance when the price of a particular commodity is high in the market there will be a subsequent drop in demand of the product especially when alternative product has a cheaper price and the consumer is not willing to buy the very commodity at the high price or when the consumer disposable income does not put him or her in the position to purchase the commodity at that price. When the prices are low there will be a consequential high demand. This is because at very low prices many consumers of all classes, upper, middle and lower class will be able to purchase the product. However, consumers taste may vary over time. Continued use of the product may alter the demand by the consumer and over time their preference may change and they may opt for other products leading to a drop in demand it (Sonnenschein, 1973). The curve above explains the market demand scenario based on the demand of a commodity. The graph explains the consumers willingness to purchase a commodity at a particular price. However, this graph seem to explain that the quantity demanded is only affected by the price of the product, this is not true as other factors do affect the demand of a commodity by the consumer but in the scenario above they have been kept constant (Jaffe, 1988). Supply This is the ability and the willingness of the suppliers to supply a certain commodity to the market a certain set price. In the case of a higher price of a commodity in te market the suppliers will be more willing to supply are goods as the marginal revenue they realize is increased due to the elevated profits returns. In the practical market a scenario in which the inventory is much less than the desired inventory, the suppliers raises both the price and the volume of their supply to the market. In the short run, increasing the supply of commodities to the market will definitely lead to high production costs which eventually will have a direct impact on the price of the end product as they will rise. This price rise will have a positive impact on the producers as they will increase their supply (Chang, Schorfheide, 2003). The supply curve above slopes upwards. This is because every additional unit is taken to be more complex and difficult to produce than the previous unit and hence this reflects directly on the higher prices per unit increment. A short-term expansion in the production chain can mainly be achieved by making workers work on overtime rates, increase the labor force by contracting to a source from outside or just simply by increasing the workload on the present equipment (Cohen, Diether, Malloy, 2007). Relation between quantity demanded and quantity supplied Demand is a number of products or service that an end consumer is willing and able to buy at a particular price. Supply, on the other hand, refer to the quantity that a manufacturing or service industry is willing and able to supply at a particular market price. Consumers and producers react differently to a fluctuation of the market price of commodities (Jamison, Plott, 1997). For example, when there is an increment in price, the ability and willingness of the suppliers to offer the same commodity in the market will increase. However, on the other hand, the ability and willingness of the consumers to buy the same commodity will reduce. The figure below illustrates the above theory (Smith, Friesz, 1985). In the table above we note the quantity of the commodity supplied at each price. It is clear that as the price decreases there is a corresponding increase in supply and when there is shoot in price there is a corresponding decrease in supply (Guide Jr, Teunter, Van Wassenhove, 2003). The market reaches an equilibrium when there is an equality in the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as illustrated by the graph below. It is evident that the supply and the demand curves get to equilibrium when the quantity supplied is at 57. Taking for example if the price of the commodity was at 30, the manufacturers would be willing and able to supply 84 units of the products, however from the quantity demanded at a price of 30 only 28 units of the product will be sold and evidently the producers would have so much excess inventory which is definitely a loss to them. To take back their inventory to the optimal level, the producers would have to reduce their market prices to a price of 15 w here the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are at equilibrium (Freeman, 1979). Quantity of product Analysis using the data provided The number of persons employed is defined as the total number of people with full-time jobs in unison with those in the part-time jobs. Analysis of employment as a full time or part time is derived respect to the number of hours worked by an employee in a typical time span rather than a given reference period. The idea of usual hours is applied to persons working as well as persons on a temporary absenteeism (Burgess, Campbell, 1998). With full-time employment, a worker must have worked for 35 hours or even more within a week. On the other hand, a part-time employment refers to a person having worked for less than 35 hours with a week. With the Australian economic fluctuations, the government decided to study its employment trends over the years. This study would explain the movements of the countrys labor force with special concern focused on the shifting between full time and part time jobs. More so the statics was intended to study the movement in and out of the work duty (Campbe ll, Burgess, 2001) In my analysis I have used the data from 1985 because it is from then that the profit before income of several independent parameters like Accommodation and food services Transport, postal and warehousing Information media and telecommunications Financial and insurance services Rental, hiring and real estate services Rental, hiring and real estate services and ; Total State and Industry. By so doing I will be able to compare various population, gender and employment statistics to come up with a fine prediction of the countrys level of unemployment and the number of worker versus the total profits realized in millions. The increase in population leading to increasing in profits Over the years the pollution of Australia has been increasing steadily. This has been the case with both genders in that the female and the males. However the male population continuously to lead in numbers compared to the female population. An increase in population has a corresponding increase in the number of the available labor force (Dawkins, Norris, 1987). This labor force has been continuously increasing in the industrial basis of Australia hence the level of outputs increased significantly over the years as the population progressively grew as shown in the graph below (Romeyn, 1992). Gender based unemployment Following the data provided it is evident that the population of the male gender unemployed is far much great than their female counterparts. This can be explained that the male population in the country is leading the female population (Pettit, Hook, 2005). This is then directly reflected in the number of unemployed as there are more male unemployed compared to the female population (Preston, A., Whitehouse, G. (2004). In the early years the female gender did not participate much in employment but over the year they have caught up with the male gender and even the female unemployed to employed ratios has been increasing over the years (Pocock, Elton, Preston, Charlesworth, MacDonald, Baird, Ellem, 2008). Comparison of the employed versus the unemployed population The level of the unemployed compared to that of the employed population gives the graph below. It shows that the employed population is by far much great compared to the unemployed one. The economic condition in Australia has a favorable job market and most of the population readily get a job. This is also evident in the unemployed to population ratio. This ratio presents a very small figure that continuously drop over the years (Romeyn, 1992). The total population versus the employed population As the data presents there not much difference between the total population and the employed population. At the early years, the two graphs show a small figure in this trend. However as the years progressed there was a growth in population as well as the countrys economy. The economic growth boosted the countrys economy and the industrial, production and servicing sectors employed even more people from the growing population. However, the too much population could not be fully employed as some remained unemployed as stipulated from the graph above (Gornick, 1994). The total population increase leading to an increase in social services With the population increasing over the years the government has realized an increase in the provision of social amenities. This is because with the continuous growth in population and the countrys economy, the labor force has enjoyed incomes which has consequently increased their disposable income making them opt for better standards of living which incorporate the social amenities. These include the infrastructural tools as well as the social requirements by the general public (Lebow, Saks, Wilson, 2003). Analysis of nominal and real wages and their interrelationship A nominal wage is a standard rate of payment that employee is compensated. This payment has not the adjustment in the case of inflation. On the other hand, real wage is the quality of services and the amount of goods that a worker buys from his/normal wages. The labor supply id primarily determined by the real wage. In that, the economic status of a workforce is measured on the basis of the amount of products and services he/she is able to purchase. In the case when the prices of the products and services have been doubled, the laborer will have to double his/her amount of the nominal wage to be able to purchase the exact quantity of the product (Bhaduri, Marglin, 1990). Nominal wage is mainly measured in monetary values. The real wage, however, is nominal wage in a given economy after changes in purchasing capability of a worker. They are related in that the real wage is given by nominal wage divided by price levels (Lebow, Stockton, Wascher, 1995). Real wage = nominal wage/price level The workforce mostly is much concerned with the real wage and not the normal wage. This is so because the real wage takes into account the trade-off between the time spent in leisure and the ones in purchasing of good and services. Firms mainly are concerned with the real wage because it estimates the bill that the firm will endure in case they are to increase their workforce numbers (Bhaduri, Marglin, 1990). Conclusion Australia is an excellent example of an ever growing country will excellent economic grow. The analysis of the data has proven that the country is just more than providing a job for its employees but also taking care of their welfare in terms of nursing homes and provision of insurance policies all round matters affecting the employees as a whole. The country has provided a favorable environment to attract external investors who have established businesses within the country thus ensuring its population is free of unemployment and despite this is not yet achieved the statistical data clearly suggests that the country is in the right track on the fight against unemployment (Kidd, 1993). The government has also encouraged women to participate in the development of the countrys economy by giving them job and we can see that the level of women employed is now almost at par with that of the male. This strategy should be enumerated by other countries one of the best ways to ensure economic growth (Lebow, Stockton, Wascher, 1995). References Bhaduri, A., Marglin, S. (1990). Unemployment and the real wage: the economic basis for contesting political ideologies. Cambridge journal of Economics, 14(4), 375-393. Brandow, G. E. (1961). Interrelations among demands for farm products and implications for control of market supply. Burgess, J., Campbell, I. (1998). Casual employment in Australia: growth, characteristics, a bridge or a trap?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 9(1), 31-54. Burgess, J., Strachan, G. (1999). The expansion in non-standard employment in Australia and the extension of employers control. In Global trends in flexible labour (pp. 121-140). Macmillan Education UK. Campbell, I., Burgess, J. (2001). Casual employment in Australia and temporary employment in Europe: Developing a cross-national comparison. Work, Employment Society, 15(1), 171-184. Chang, Y., Schorfheide, F. (2003). Labor-supply shifts and economic fluctuations. Journal of monetary Economics, 50(8), 1751-1768. Cohen, L., Diether, K. B., Malloy, C. J. (2007). Supply and demand shifts in the shorting market. The Journal of Finance, 62(5), 2061-2096. Dawkins, P. J., Norris, K. (1987). Casual employment in Australia. Murdoch University. Freeman, C. (1979). The determinants of innovation: Market demand, technology, and the response to social problems. Futures, 11(3), 206-215. Gornick, J. C. (1994). Women, employment, and part-time work: a comparative study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Harvard University. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Teunter, R. H., Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2003). Matching demand and supply to maximize profits from remanufacturing. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 5(4), 303-316. Helpman, E. (1987). Macroeconomic effects of price controls: The role of market structure. Jaffe, A. B. (1988). Demand and supply influences in R D intensity and productivity growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 431-437. Jamison, J. C., Plott, C. R. (1997). Costly offers and the equilibration properties of the multiple unit double auction under conditions of unpredictable shifts of demand and supply. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 32(4), 591-612. Kidd, M. P. (1993). Immigrant wage differentials and the role of self employment in Australia. Australian Economic Papers, 32(60), 92-115. Lebow, D. E., Saks, R. E., Wilson, B. A. (2003). Downward nominal wage rigidity: Evidence from the employment cost index. Advances in Macroeconomics, 3(1). Lebow, D. E., Stockton, D. J., Wascher, W. (1995). Inflation, nominal wage rigidity, and the efficiency of labor markets. Mowery, D., Rosenberg, N. (1979). The influence of market demand upon innovation: a critical review of some recent empirical studies. Research policy, 8(2), 102-153. Pettit, B., Hook, J. (2005). The structure of women's employment in comparative perspective. Social Forces, 84(2), 779-801. Pocock, B., Elton, J., Preston, A., Charlesworth, S., MacDonald, F., Baird, M., Ellem, B. (2008). The Impact ofWork Choices' on Women in Low Paid Employment in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(3), 475-488. Preston, A., Whitehouse, G. (2004). Gender differences in occupation of employment within Australia. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 7(3), 309. Romeyn, Jane. (1992). Flexible working time: part-time and casual employment: an information and discussion paper. Shafer, W., Sonnenschein, H. (1982). Market demand and excess demand functions. Handbook of mathematical economics, 2, 671-693. Smith, T. E., Friesz, T. L. (1985). Spatial market equilibria with flow-dependent supply and demand: The single commodity case. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 15(2), 181-218. Sonnenschein, H. (1973). The utility hypothesis and market demand theory. Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.